Research Article

Assessment of Blood and Renal Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus usually develops from defects in insulin secretion, sensitivity, action, or both. Numerous life-threatening health problems are more common in people with diabetes mellitus, which can reduce their quality of life, raise their medical costs, and increase their mortality. Aim: Patients with type 2 diabetes in this study were evaluated for glycemic control, body mass index, and significant kidney biomarkers in both serum and urine. Materials and methods: A total of 119 individuals with type 2 diabetes who selected among those who attended the center of Diabetes and Endocrinology at Al-sadder Teaching Hospital in the Najaf governorate were included in this study between February and June of 2025. Based on their albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), these patients had been divided into the three groups: those who have normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria. All participants underwent a clinical evaluation that included a medical history, clinical examination, and a set of tests such as weight, height, and blood tests (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum albumin, blood urea, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin, urinary creatinine, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio). Result: About 119 T2DM patients had a mean age of 53.99 ± 9.76 years, 50.4% males and 49.6% females. Mean BMI was 30.59 ±5.47 kg/m2 it ranged from 19.48 -52.89 kg/m2. The mean of ACR was 680.23 ±1004.44, urinary albumin was 45.46 ±59.28 mg/dl, and urine creatinine was 100.55 ±298.46 mg/dl. 6 (5.0%) patients had normoalbuminuria, 44 (37.0%) had microalbuminuria, and 69 (58.0%) had macroalbuminuria. There was no significant difference in any of the blood parameters (HbA1c, blood urea, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and eGFR) between subjects with DN and subjects without DN (P > 0.05). Subjects with DN had significantly higher urine albumin levels (22.96 (38.15) mg/dl versus 0.98 (0.74) mg/dl) than subjects without DN (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, the mean urine creatinine did not significantly differ between subjects with and without nephropathy (P = 0.101). Subjects with DN had a considerably higher urine ACR (407.50 (564.75) mg/dl versus 13.50 (9.50) mg/dl) than subjects without nephropathy (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Results from this study show that patients with type 2 diabetes had inadequate HbA1c control and an elevated body mass index, but there was not a significant difference in serum creatinine levels. This suggests that renal impairment may not be noticeable in the early stages when utilizing serum creatinine alone.