Research Article

Genetic Diversity and Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in Rivers State, Nigeria: A Comparison of Conventional Diagnostic and Molecular Method

Abstract

Background: Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains a major health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and control, yet the performance of diagnostic techniques varies, especially in resource-limited settings. Objective: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of P. falciparum using three diagnostic methods—Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), microscopy, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)—and to determine the genetic diversity of P. falciparum in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at two health facilities in Rivers State. A total of 500 febrile patients were enrolled, and blood samples were tested using RDT, microscopy, and PCR. Genetic analysis was performed using the two major Merozoite Surface Protein (MSP1 and MSP2) using molecular techniques. Results: The prevalence of P. falciparum was highest with PCR (52.4%), followed by microscopy (51.0%) and RDT (41.6%). Bori Zonal Hospital exhibited a higher prevalence than Nchia General Hospital across all diagnostic methods. Genetic analysis revealed significant diversity in P. falciparum subtypes, with MSP2B being the most prevalent in Bori (18.8%) and Nchia (9.6%). Conclusion: PCR had the highest detection rate, followed by microscopy and RDT. Bori Zonal Hospital had a higher prevalence, and MSP2B was the most common subtype. These findings highlight the value of molecular techniques in malaria surveillance.